Crypto: exchanges, stablecoins, miners and the rules that now cover them
Crypto has no NAICS code. Its businesses land in securities brokerage, custody, data processing and software, and most US filers, miners included, report SIC 6199 (finance services). This page sizes the market from filings and regulators: Coinbase held $246B of customer assets in mid-2026, stablecoins USDT ($184B) and USDC ($73B) are mostly backed by T-bills, and miners are turning into AI data-centre landlords. The US now has a stablecoin law (GENIUS Act, 2025). As of October 2026 it has no market-structure law.
43 sources · 59 tier A · 3 tier B · 6 tier C · prepared 2026-10-17
01
What crypto is in industry terms
There is no NAICS or SIC code for crypto. Each business is classified by what it does: brokering, running an exchange, holding assets for others, issuing a payment token, or running computers. The SIC codes the companies pick for themselves on EDGAR show how it works in practice. Nearly all of them, bitcoin miners included, file under 6199, "Finance services".
| Crypto exchanges and brokers Buying and selling for customers is securities or commodity brokerage. Running an order book is an exchange. Derivatives desks are commodity-contracts dealing. On EDGAR, Coinbase files under SIC 6199 (finance services) and Robinhood under SIC 6211 (security brokers and dealers). |
NAICS 523120 / 52321 / 523130A |
| Custody of crypto for others The two big US spot bitcoin and ether ETFs keep their coins at Coinbase Custody Trust Company, with Anchorage Digital Bank N.A. as a second custodian. One is a state trust company and the other a nationally chartered bank. |
NAICS 523990 (trust, fiduciary, custody) or 5221 (where a chartered bank or trust company holds it)A |
| Bitcoin miners Mining is running specialised computers in data centres, which is NAICS 518210 (computing infrastructure and data processing) by activity. Yet MARA, Riot, CleanSpark, Core Scientific, Hut 8, Bitfarms/Keel, IREN and Cipher all list SIC 6199 "Finance services" on EDGAR. Several now also lease capacity to AI tenants, which is plainly 518210. |
Operationally NAICS 518210; on EDGAR almost all file under SIC 6199A |
| Stablecoin issuers Circle earns almost all of its money as interest on reserves: 96.0% of 2025 revenue was reserve income. That looks more like a money-market or deposit business than a payments processor. Under the GENIUS Act, a US issuer must be a "permitted payment stablecoin issuer". |
No dedicated code; Circle files under SIC 6199A |
| Spot crypto ETFs (the trusts themselves) The iShares Bitcoin Trust, iShares Ethereum Trust and Grayscale Bitcoin Trust all file under SIC 6221. They are commodity trusts, not 1940-Act funds. |
SIC 6221 (commodity contracts brokers and dealers)A |
| Wallets, infrastructure and developer software Firms that sell software or build systems rather than handle customer money are ordinary software businesses. Block, Inc. (Cash App bitcoin, Bitkey hardware wallet) files under SIC 7372, prepackaged software. |
NAICS 513211 (software publishers) or 541514 (systems design)A |
| Corporate bitcoin "treasury" companies Strategy Inc. (formerly MicroStrategy) still sells analytics software but is now mainly a bitcoin holder funded with debt and preferred stock. Its own 10-K says the software business did not generate positive operating cash flow in 2025. |
Classified by their legacy business; Strategy files under SIC 6199A |
02
Size: what the filings say crypto is worth
Free market-data sites (CoinGecko, Coinbase price pages) blocked automated reading, so this section uses prices and balances that companies certified in filings, each with its own date. Prices fell sharply in 2026: bitcoin was about $87–88k at end-2025 by implication from ETF and Strategy balances, and about $58–64k by mid-2026.
| Bitcoin price, 30 June 2026 Bloomberg closing price, used by Tether to value its own bitcoin in its assured reserves report. |
US$58,642B |
| Bitcoin price, 24 July 2026 Coinbase 4 p.m. ET price, quoted by Strategy in its Q2 2026 10-Q. |
US$64,164A |
| Bitcoin price, 13 February 2026 Coinbase 4 p.m. ET price, quoted in Strategy's 2025 10-K. On that date Strategy's 717,131 BTC were worth $49.3B, against a $54.5B cost. |
US$68,734A |
| Customer crypto held at Coinbase (Assets on Platform) Coinbase says $196.5B of the fall came from lower crypto prices, partly offset by more units held. At end-2025 the figure was $376B. Coinbase is the largest US-listed platform, so this is a rough read on how much prices moved. |
$245.9B (30 Jun 2026), down from $425.0B a year earlierA |
| USDT (Tether) tokens issued, 30 June 2026 Liabilities for issued tokens, from Tether's reserves report. Total assets were $187.8B, leaving about $4.1B of excess reserves. |
$183.6BB |
| USDC in circulation, 30 June 2026 Down from $75.3B at 31 Dec 2025. On-chain USDC transaction volume in Q2 2026 was $14.8 trillion, though on-chain volume counts every transfer between wallets and is not a measure of payments. |
$73.3B (+19% year on year)A |
| USDT + USDC combined, mid-2026 Sum of the two issuer figures above (dated 30 Jun 2026). It does not include smaller stablecoins. |
About $257BA |
03
Exchanges and brokers
The listed exchanges and brokers publish audited numbers. Binance, the biggest offshore exchange, is known in the US mainly through its 2023 guilty plea and settlements.
| Coinbase net revenue, 2025 $4.1B transaction revenue and $2.8B subscriptions and services, of which $1.35B was stablecoin (USDC) revenue. Net income was $1.3B, down from $2.6B. 84% of revenue came from the US. |
$6.9BA |
| Coinbase monthly transacting users Coinbase's own definition: a user who transacts at least once in a rolling 28-day window. It says the count may overstate unique people. |
9.2M (2025); 7.6M (Q2 2026)A |
| Coinbase H1 2026 net revenue Q2 2026 net revenue was $1.2B, including $599M transaction revenue. From Q2 2026 Coinbase stopped reporting trading volume as a key metric. |
$2.5BA |
| Coinbase employees Remote-first, with no headquarters. It re-incorporated from Delaware to Texas in December 2025. |
4,951 (31 Dec 2025)A |
| Robinhood crypto transaction revenue, 2025 Up 44% from $626M. Robinhood acts as agent and routes crypto orders to market makers. It bought the Bitstamp exchange in June 2025. |
$901M (20% of $4.47B net revenue)A |
| Binance: US criminal resolution (Nov 2023) Pleaded guilty to Bank Secrecy Act, unlicensed money-transmitting and sanctions (IEEPA) violations. It forfeited $2.51B and paid a $1.81B criminal fine. The founder also pleaded guilty. DOJ credited about $1.8B toward the CFTC, FinCEN and OFAC resolutions. |
$4.32BA |
| Binance: FinCEN and OFAC penalties Treasury called these the largest settlements in its history. They come with a five-year FinCEN monitorship and an exit from the US market. Treasury described Binance as handling about 60% of centralised spot trading. |
$3.4B and $968MA |
| Kraken (Payward, Inc.) As of 17 Oct 2026, Payward has filed only Form D private-placement notices (most recently in Aug 2026) and Schedule 13G. Any confidential draft registration would not be public. Kraken publishes no audited financials, so none are given here. On EDGAR it uses SIC 6199. |
No public IPO filing on EDGARA |
| Canada: registered crypto trading platforms (Ontario) Among them Wealthsimple, Coinsquare/Bitbuy, Kraken (Payward Canada), Coinbase Canada, Crypto.com, Ndax, Netcoins, Newton, Shakepay, Fidelity and Webull Canada, each under OSC exemptive relief (list updated 15 Oct 2026). The CSA stopped taking pre-registration undertakings on 6 Aug 2024, and new platforms now apply to CIRO. |
14 platformsA |
| Canada: platforms no longer registered The OSC lists platforms whose undertakings expired or were withdrawn, or whose business was bought (CoinSmart, Coinberry and Bitvo all went to Bitbuy). |
Including Gemini (PRU expired) and Uphold (withdrawn)A |
04
Stablecoins
Stablecoins are dollar tokens backed mostly by short-term US Treasury debt. They are now the profit engine of the business. Circle's income is the interest on its reserves, much of which it pays out to distributors such as Coinbase. The US wrote its first crypto statute for them.
| Circle total revenue and reserve income, 2025 96.0% was reserve income. Distribution and transaction costs, mostly payments to partners such as Coinbase and Binance, were $1.66B. Circle had a net loss of $70M from continuing operations, after $424M of IPO-related stock compensation. |
$2.75B (+64%)A |
| Where USDC reserves sit A government money-market fund under Rule 2a-7, managed by BlackRock and held at BNY. Circle completed its IPO in June 2025 at $31 a share, raising $583M net. |
~88% in the Circle Reserve Fund (31 Dec 2025)A |
| Tether reserves, 30 June 2026 US Treasury bills $115.0B, gold $18.8B, secured loans $13.5B, bitcoin $5.8B. BDO gave an ISAE 3000R assurance opinion on the figures at that single date. It is not a full audit. |
$187.8B total assetsB |
| US GENIUS Act (Public Law 119-27) Only "permitted payment stablecoin issuers" may issue in the US. Reserves must be held at least 1-to-1, the composition must be published monthly, and issuers may not pay holders interest or yield. Issuers above $10B outstanding fall under federal rather than state oversight. Three years after enactment, US platforms may offer only permitted stablecoins. |
Signed 18 July 2025A |
| When GENIUS takes effect As described in Circle's 10-K. The Act leaves most of the detail to rulemaking by the banking regulators. |
Earlier of 18 Jan 2027 or 120 days after final rulesA |
| EU: e-money tokens under MiCA Since 30 June 2024, euro and other fiat stablecoins must be issued by an authorised credit or e-money institution, and MiCA bars interest on them. Circle's French entity is on the register. Tether is not. |
50 tokens from 25 issuers on ESMA's registerA |
| Canada: Stablecoin Act enacted Announced in Budget 2025 (4 Nov 2025) and enacted in Bill C-15, the Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 1. Fiat-backed issuers register with and are supervised by the Bank of Canada; reserves are held by qualified custodians, redemption is at par, and issuers may not pay interest or yield. Ottawa budgeted $10M over two years from 2026-27, after which $5M a year is to be recovered from issuers. Not yet in force: it awaits orders in council and regulations, with the framework expected in 2027. |
Royal Assent 26 Mar 2026 (S.C. 2026, c. 3)A |
05
Bitcoin mining
Miners run specialised chips (ASICs) for block rewards, which were halved to 3.125 BTC in April 2024. Higher network difficulty and the 2026 price fall squeezed margins, and the miners' real asset turned out to be power contracts. Most now sell or lease that power to AI and high-performance-computing tenants. Mining here is 518210-style data-centre work.
| MARA Holdings About 490,000 rigs at 31 Dec 2025. It held about 53,822 BTC, carrying value about $4.7B. Its 300 MW Granbury, Texas site is where it began adding AI inference. |
66.4 EH/s; 8,799 BTC mined (2025)A |
| Riot Platforms Up from 31.5 EH/s and 4,828 BTC in 2024. It held 18,005 BTC (fair value $1.6B). The 10-K describes mining converging with AI/HPC data centres. |
38.5 EH/s; 5,686 BTC mined (2025)A |
| CleanSpark Up from 7,092 BTC. One sentence in the 10-K calls this an 11% "decrease", but its own figures show an 11% rise. It has about 620 MW in Georgia and says it is moving into AI/HPC data centres. |
45.6 EH/s avg (peak 50); 7,873 BTC mined (FY to 30 Sep 2025)A |
| Core Scientific About 590 MW leased to CoreWeave for AI/HPC. CoreWeave agreed to buy the company in July 2025. Shareholders voted the deal down, and Core Scientific ended the agreement on 30 Oct 2025. |
15.7 EH/s self-mining (31 Dec 2025)A |
| Hut 8 An AI data-centre lease, with a 1,230 MW pipeline beyond it. Mining sits mostly in its majority-owned, separately listed subsidiary American Bitcoin. |
River Bend, Louisiana: 15-year lease for 245 MW of IT capacity (Dec 2025)A |
| Bitfarms (Canada) → Keel Infrastructure Says it will not invest more in hashrate and expects mining to "wind down progressively" as HPC data centres start up. It moved its domicile to the US as Keel Infrastructure Corp. (Nasdaq/TSX: KEEL). |
14.8 EH/s; 2,008 BTC earned (2025)A |
06
ETFs, institutions and corporate treasuries
The SEC let spot bitcoin ETFs list in January 2024 and spot ether ETFs in May 2024, after years of refusals. They became the main route for ordinary brokerage accounts. A handful of companies hold bitcoin on their balance sheets.
| Spot bitcoin ETFs approved One order covered 11 exchange rule filings on NYSE Arca, Nasdaq and Cboe BZX, including the Grayscale, Bitwise, Hashdex, iShares and others. |
10 Jan 2024 (Release 34-99306)A |
| Spot ether ETFs approved Rule changes covering 8 filings (Grayscale, Bitwise, iShares and others). The shares could start trading only once each fund's registration became effective. |
23 May 2024 (Release 34-100224)A |
| iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) Up from $51.5B a year earlier. During 2025 it bought 354,176 BTC and sold 133,644 for redemptions. |
770,792 BTC; $67.4B net assets (31 Dec 2025)A |
| iShares Ethereum Trust (ETHA) Up from $3.6B. |
3,467,229 ETH; $10.3B net assets (31 Dec 2025)A |
| Canada went first: Purpose Bitcoin ETF (BTCC) The issuer calls it "the world's first spot Bitcoin ETF", nearly three years before US approval. Its FX-hedged series returned −29.7% over the year to 30 Sep 2026. These are issuer figures. |
Launched Feb 2021; C$2.1B, 18,130 BTC (16 Oct 2026)C |
| Strategy Inc. bitcoin holdings About 846,000 at 30 Jun 2026, up from 672,500 at 31 Dec 2025. Between 1 and 24 July 2026 it sold about 2,225 BTC ($135M) to fund preferred-stock dividends and rebuild its cash reserve. |
~843,775 BTC (24 Jul 2026), worth $54.1BA |
07
Failures and enforcement
The 2022 collapses (Terra in May, Celsius in June, FTX in November) wiped out tens of billions. They produced the cases that regulators still cite. Figures below come from the agencies' own releases. Defendants are referred to by role.
| FTX SEC complaint (Dec 2022): FTX customer funds were secretly diverted to the founder's trading firm, Alameda Research. About $1.1B of the equity came from around 90 US investors. |
>$1.8B raised from equity investorsA |
| Terra / Luna (Terraform Labs) After the UST stablecoin lost its peg in May 2022, it and Terraform's other tokens fell close to zero. A jury found Terraform and its founder liable for fraud, and they agreed to pay more than $4.5B (June 2024). |
$40B of market value wiped out; >$4.5B judgmentA |
| Celsius Network SEC charges (July 2023): its "Earn Interest Program" was an unregistered securities offering, the company made false statements, and it manipulated its CEL token. |
Platform halted 12 June 2022A |
| Celsius: criminal case He pleaded guilty to commodities and securities fraud on 3 Dec 2024. SDNY: customers "lost billions" while the founder made tens of millions. |
Founder sentenced to 12 years (8 May 2025)A |
| QuadrigaCX (Canada) The OSC found the 2019 collapse was a fraud by the co-founder, who had died: fictitious balances and trading against clients, in effect a Ponzi scheme. About C$115M of the losses came from that trading. About 40% of the investors were in Ontario. |
C$169M lost by 76,000 investorsA |
| OneCoin A fake cryptocurrency sold through multi-level marketing. A co-founder was sentenced to 20 years in Sept 2023. The other co-founder is on the FBI Ten Most Wanted list and remains at large. |
>$4B from millions of victimsA |
| Binance See Exchanges above. Part of the DOJ amount was credited against the other agencies' penalties, so the figures overlap and should not be simply added. |
$4.32B (DOJ) + $4.37B (Treasury)A |
08
Regulation map
By October 2026, the EU has had a full crypto regime since 30 Dec 2024. The UK has passed its law and starts in October 2027. The US has a stablecoin statute but not the broader market-structure bill. Canada regulates platforms through securities law and has promised a stablecoin act.
| US: stablecoins See Stablecoins above. The implementing rules are due before it takes effect, by 18 Jan 2027 at the latest. |
GENIUS Act — law since 18 Jul 2025A |
| US: market structure (SEC vs CFTC jurisdiction) It passed the House 294–134 on 17 Jul 2025. The Senate Banking Committee reported it with a substitute on 1 Jun 2026. On 15 Sep 2026 a cloture vote to take it up failed 49–50. A motion to reconsider was entered, so it could come back. |
CLARITY Act (H.R. 3633) — NOT lawA |
| US: SEC posture In 2025 the SEC dismissed its Coinbase case and many others. The spot bitcoin and ether ETPs trade under SEC-approved exchange rules. |
Enforcement-led until 2025, then a Crypto Task ForceA |
| EU: MiCA (Regulation 2023/1114) The stablecoin titles applied from 30 Jun 2024. Firms already operating could continue under national law until 1 Jul 2026 at the latest, which means the transition is now over. |
Fully applicable 30 Dec 2024A |
| EU: authorised crypto-asset service providers Germany has 109 (many are banks notifying under Article 60), France 36, the Netherlands 29, Cyprus 25 and Malta 23. Coinbase, Kraken (Payward), Crypto.com, OKX, Bybit, Gemini, Robinhood and Bitstamp entities are listed. Binance is not. ESMA separately lists 178 non-compliant entities. |
378 entries in 27 member statesA |
| UK: new FCA regime The FSMA 2000 (Cryptoassets) Regulations 2026 were made on 4 Feb 2026. The FCA published final rules on 30 Jun 2026 and is taking authorisation applications now. Until then, firms register for anti-money-laundering purposes only. |
Starts 25 Oct 2027A |
| Canada: platforms Platforms that hold client assets are dealers, and some also run marketplaces. The interim pre-registration-undertaking route closed in Aug 2024. |
Securities-law registration (CSA / CIRO)A |
| Canada: stablecoins Enacted in Bill C-15 (S.C. 2026, c. 3). The Bank of Canada will register and supervise issuers. Commencement depends on orders in council and regulations still to come; the framework is expected to take effect in 2027. |
Stablecoin Act — law since 26 Mar 2026, not yet in forceA |
09
The ICO boom, "Raised" numbers, and what the directory shows
In 2017–2018 thousands of projects sold tokens straight to the public. The SEC's 2017 DAO report said many of those tokens were securities. A token sale is not equity funding: buyers get no shares, often no legal claim, and the "raised" total is usually priced in crypto and self-reported. Research Upon's own directory carries the marks of that era.
| SEC DAO report Found that tokens sold by "The DAO" were securities. Issuers of blockchain-based securities must register or find an exemption, and platforms trading them must register as exchanges. This marked the start of ICO enforcement. |
25 Jul 2017A |
| First ICO stopped by the SEC The company halted its sale and refunded buyers before any tokens were delivered. The SEC found the offering was an unregistered sale of securities. |
Dec 2017 (Munchee, seeking $15M)A |
| First ICO civil penalties Both had to offer refunds, register the tokens as securities and file periodic reports. |
Nov 2018 (Airfox, about $15M raised; Paragon)A |
| The largest ICO case It sold 900 million tokens from June 2017 to June 2018. The penalty was under 1% of the reported proceeds. This is the sale our directory lists three times. |
Block.one: "several billion dollars" raised, $24M penalty (Sept 2019)A |
| The 2025 reversal The SEC set up a Crypto Task Force in January 2025 and dropped many crypto enforcement actions that year. It said the dismissal "does not reflect the Commission's position on any other case". |
SEC dismissed its case against Coinbase (27 Feb 2025)A |
| Directory rows describing crypto / blockchain / web3 Rows whose Vertical or Tags mention crypto, blockchain, web3, bitcoin, NFT, DeFi, stablecoin or token. 611 of them are tagged "defunct", and 90% sit under the Industry label "Fintech". |
5,615 of 117,727C |
| …of which carry a "Raised" figure The median is about $9M. Do not total these. The values include token-sale proceeds, private rounds and at least one fraud's victim losses entered as "Raised". One multibillion-dollar token sale appears three times under different spellings of the same company. |
984 (18%)C |
| …with a founding year of 2016–2019 Only 558 of the 5,615 have any founding year. 2017 is the most common, with 98 rows, the peak of the ICO wave. |
201C |
| …with a NAICS code Almost none are classified, and the few codes present are unrelated (restaurants, utilities, transport). This is the "no NAICS code" problem from section 1, seen in our own data. |
6C |
| How to read "Raised" The values come from press releases, aggregator pages and project websites, not filings. The set includes known frauds, among them OneCoin, which DOJ prosecuted (see Failures), and about 70 duplicate names and 56 duplicate websites. Treat any crypto "Raised" figure here as a lead to check, not a fact. |
Self-reported or scraped; unauditedC |
?
Looked for and not found
Claims this page would have made if a source could be opened. They are left out rather than guessed.
- There is no total crypto market capitalisation. CoinGecko and Coinbase price pages put up bot challenges, and CoinGecko's API is disallowed in its robots.txt. No regulator or filing we read gives a dated total. Bitcoin prices on this page come from filings: Tether/Bloomberg on 30 Jun 2026 and Strategy/Coinbase on 24 Jul 2026.
- There is no ether price or total ether supply. ETHA's 10-K implies about $2,970 per ETH at 31 Dec 2025 ($10.30B ÷ 3,467,229 ETH). That is our own arithmetic, not a stated figure.
- There is no bitcoin network hashrate. The miners' 10-Ks do not state it, and mempool.space's terms load only through JavaScript, so we did not use its data.
- justice.gov showed a bot challenge, so DOJ releases (Binance, OneCoin, Celsius) were read from Internet Archive copies of the same justice.gov URLs. The FTX founder's criminal conviction (Nov 2023) and sentence are left out because the only DOJ release URLs name the individual, and we did not open them. The FTX row uses the SEC complaint instead.
- Voyager Digital is left out. The FTC release URL we tried returned "page not found", and cftc.gov disallows Claude user agents in robots.txt. That also rules out CFTC sources for Binance; Treasury and DOJ give the CFTC component only as part of the global resolution.
- congress.gov disallows Claude user agents in robots.txt, so the GENIUS Act text and the CLARITY Act status come from govinfo.gov: the Public Law text and the BILLSTATUS XML, which is the same data.
- The CSA national website (securities-administrators.ca) showed a JavaScript challenge. Canadian platform registrations come from the OSC's list, which covers Ontario. Other provinces may differ slightly.
- The Purpose Bitcoin ETF figures are issuer marketing (tier C). Its terms-of-use URL returned 404, though its robots.txt explicitly allows AI crawlers. The OSC's 2021 receipt for the first Canadian spot bitcoin ETFs was not located.
- Directory counts use a keyword match on the Vertical and Tags fields (crypto, blockchain, web3, bitcoin, ethereum, NFT, DeFi, stablecoin, token, ICO), on the 14 Oct 2026 cos.json snapshot. Fintech firms with only a side crypto product may be missed or included. The "Raised" median comes from the 981 parseable values.
§
Sources
- Coinbase Global, Inc. — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Coinbase Global, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-02-12A
- Coinbase Global, Inc. — Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026 — Coinbase Global, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-07-30A
- Robinhood Markets, Inc. — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Robinhood Markets, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-02-18A
- EDGAR company submissions data (SIC code fields) for crypto filers — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2026-10-17A
- Circle Internet Group, Inc. — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Circle Internet Group, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-03-09A
- Circle Internet Group, Inc. — Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026 — Circle Internet Group, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-08-05A
- Tether International — Financial Figures and Reserves Report with ISAE 3000R assurance opinion, 30 June 2026 — Tether International, S.A. de C.V.; assurance by BDO, 2026-07-31B
- Public Law 119-27 — Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act — U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo), 2025-07-18A
- H.R. 3633 (119th Congress), Digital Asset Market Clarity Act — bill status record — U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo bulk data, from Congress.gov), 2026-09-15A
- MARA Holdings, Inc. — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — MARA Holdings, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-03-02A
- Riot Platforms, Inc. — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Riot Platforms, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-03-02A
- CleanSpark, Inc. — Form 10-K for fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 — CleanSpark, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2025-11-25A
- Core Scientific, Inc. — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Core Scientific, Inc. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-03-02A
- Hut 8 Corp. — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Hut 8 Corp. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-02-25A
- Bitfarms Ltd. (now Keel Infrastructure Corp.) — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Keel Infrastructure Corp. (SEC EDGAR), 2026-03-31A
- Strategy Inc — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — Strategy Inc (SEC EDGAR), 2026-02-19A
- Strategy Inc — Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026 — Strategy Inc (SEC EDGAR), 2026-08-03A
- Order granting accelerated approval to list and trade bitcoin-based trust shares (Release No. 34-99306) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2024-01-10A
- Order granting accelerated approval to list and trade ether-based exchange-traded products (Release No. 34-100224) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2024-05-23A
- iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF (SEC EDGAR), 2026-02-27A
- iShares Ethereum Trust ETF — Form 10-K for fiscal 2025 — iShares Ethereum Trust ETF (SEC EDGAR), 2026-02-27A
- U.S. Treasury announces largest settlements in history with Binance (FinCEN and OFAC) — U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2023-11-21A
- Binance and its founder plead guilty to federal charges in $4B resolution (read from the Internet Archive copy, 1 Jan 2025) — U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, 2023-11-21A
- SEC charges the founder of FTX with defrauding investors (Press Release 2022-219) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2022-12-13A
- Terraform and its founder to pay $4.5 billion following fraud verdict (Press Release 2024-73) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2024-06-13A
- SEC charges Celsius Network Limited and its founder with fraud and unregistered offering (Press Release 2023-133) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2023-07-13A
- Co-founder of multibillion-dollar cryptocurrency scheme "OneCoin" sentenced to 20 years (read from the Internet Archive copy, 12 Sep 2023) — U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York (DOJ), 2023-09-12A
- SEC issues investigative report concluding DAO tokens were securities (Press Release 2017-131) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017-07-25A
- SEC announces dismissal of civil enforcement action against Coinbase (Press Release 2025-47) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2025-02-27A
- Research Upon company directory snapshot (cos.json, 117,727 rows) — Research Upon, 2026-10-14C
- Crypto businesses — registered crypto asset trading platforms in Ontario (page updated 15 Oct 2026) — Ontario Securities Commission, 2026-10-15A
- OSC publishes investigative report on QuadrigaCX — Ontario Securities Commission, 2020-06-11A
- Purpose Bitcoin ETF (BTCC) — fund page — Purpose Investments (issuer), 2026-10-16C
- Budget 2025 — Chapter 1 and Annex 6 (stablecoin legislation) — Department of Finance Canada, 2025-11-04A
- Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on markets in crypto-assets (MiCA) — EUR-Lex (Publications Office of the EU), 2023-05-31A
- Interim MiCA register — CASPs, e-money-token white papers, non-compliant entities (CSV files, data updated 15 Oct 2026) — European Securities and Markets Authority, 2026-10-16A
- A new regime for cryptoasset regulation (last updated 30 Sep 2026) — Financial Conduct Authority (UK), 2026-09-30A
- Payward, Inc. (Kraken) — EDGAR filing index (Form D and Schedule 13G only) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2026-10-17A
- Founder of Celsius sentenced to 12 years for fraud and market manipulation (read from the Internet Archive copy, 9 May 2025) — U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York (DOJ), 2025-05-08A
- Company halts ICO after SEC raises registration concerns (Press Release 2017-227) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017-12-11A
- Two ICO issuers settle SEC registration charges, agree to register tokens as securities (Press Release 2018-264) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2018-11-16A
- SEC orders blockchain company to pay $24 million penalty for unregistered ICO (Press Release 2019-202) — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2019-09-30A
- C-15 (45-1) — Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 1 — LEGISinfo bill record (enacts the Stablecoin Act) — Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo), 2026-03-26A